Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, often during their reproductive years. To diagnose PCOS, healthcare providers typically use a combination of medical history assessments, physical examinations, and specific tests. Here are some common tests used for the diagnosis of PCOS:
Medical History and Physical Examination:
- Healthcare providers will discuss your menstrual history, symptoms (such as irregular periods, acne, or excessive hair growth), and family history.
- A physical examination may include measuring blood pressure, checking for signs of excessive hair growth (hirsutism), and assessing for acne or skin changes.
Pelvic Ultrasound:
- Purpose: To visualize the ovaries and assess their structure.
- Method: Transvaginal or abdominal ultrasound is used to identify the presence of multiple small follicles (cysts) on the ovaries.
Blood Tests:
Hormone Levels:
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Imbalance in the ratio of these hormones may be indicative of PCOS.
- Testosterone: Elevated levels may contribute to symptoms like hirsutism.
- Free Androgen Index (FAI) or Bioavailable Testosterone: Provides a more accurate measure of androgen levels.
- Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG): Low levels may be associated with insulin resistance.
Insulin Resistance and Glucose Levels:
- Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT): Assesses how the body processes glucose and detects insulin resistance.
- Fasting Insulin Levels: Elevated levels may indicate insulin resistance.
Lipid Profile:
- Assessing cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and other lipids may be part of the overall assessment.
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) Test:
- Purpose: To evaluate ovarian reserve and the number of small follicles on the ovaries.
- Method: A blood test that measures the levels of AMH.
Thyroid Function Tests:
- Purpose: To assess the thyroid hormone levels, as thyroid dysfunction is sometimes associated with PCOS.
Prolactin Test:
- Purpose: To measure prolactin levels, which can be elevated in certain cases of PCOS.
It’s important to note that the diagnosis of PCOS is often based on a combination of these factors, as there isn’t a single definitive test for PCOS. Additionally, healthcare providers may consider criteria set by organizations such as the Rotterdam criteria, which include the presence of two out of three features: irregular periods, signs of excess androgens (e.g., hirsutism), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
If you suspect you may have PCOS or are experiencing symptoms associated with PCOS, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare provider who can conduct a thorough evaluation and recommend appropriate tests based on your individual health profile. Early diagnosis and management are crucial for addressing symptoms and preventing potential complications.