Cancer markers, also known as tumor markers or biomarkers, are substances found in the blood, urine, or tissues that may be elevated in individuals with cancer. These markers are produced either by cancer cells themselves or by the body in response to the presence of cancer.

It’s important to note that the presence of cancer markers does not necessarily confirm the presence of cancer, and other conditions may also cause elevation of these markers.

Cancer markers are often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of cancer. Here are some common cancer markers:

1. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA):

   • Associated Cancer: Prostate cancer.
   • Use: Used for screening and monitoring prostate cancer.

2. CA 125:

   • Associated Cancer: Ovarian cancer.
   • Use: Often used for monitoring ovarian cancer and assessing response to treatment.

3. CA 19-9:

   • Associated Cancer: Pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer.
   • Use: Primarily used for monitoring pancreatic and colorectal cancers.

4. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen):

   • Associated Cancer: Colorectal cancer, other gastrointestinal cancers.
   • Use: Monitoring colorectal cancer, detecting recurrence, and assessing treatment response.

5. AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein):

   • Associated Cancer: Liver cancer, certain germ cell tumors.
   • Use: Monitoring liver cancer, particularly in individuals with chronic liver disease, and diagnosing certain testicular and ovarian cancers.

6. CA 15-3:

   • Associated Cancer: Breast cancer.
   • Use: Monitoring breast cancer, especially in individuals with advanced disease.

7. HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2):

   • Associated Cancer: Breast cancer.
   • Use: Identifying individuals who may benefit from targeted therapy (e.g., trastuzumab).

8. BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations:

   • Associated Cancer: Breast cancer, ovarian cancer.
   • Use: Genetic testing for hereditary risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

9. HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4):

   • Associated Cancer: Ovarian cancer.
   • Use: Used along with CA 125 for monitoring ovarian cancer.

10. PSMA (Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen):

    • Associated Cancer: Prostate cancer.
    • Use: Used in imaging tests like positron emission tomography (PET) scans for detecting prostate cancer.

It’s crucial to emphasize that the interpretation of cancer marker results requires expertise, and elevated levels do not always indicate the presence of cancer. Additionally, some cancers may not produce specific markers, and not all individuals with cancer will have elevated levels of these markers.

Diagnostic decisions and treatment planning should be based on a comprehensive evaluation, including imaging studies, pathology reports, and clinical assessments conducted by healthcare professionals. If cancer is suspected, consultation with an oncologist or cancer specialist is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.